System and apparatus for crush prevention for medical robot applications

ABSTRACT

A surgical robotic arm includes a first link and a second link, wherein at least one of the first link or second link is movable relative to each other. The surgical robotic arm also includes a sensor assembly coupled to at least one of the first link or the second link. The sensor assembly includes a force sensing resistor assembly configured to measure force and an interface member disposed over the force sensing resistor assembly, the interface member configured to engage the at least one force sensing resistor assembly due to the interface member contacting an obstruction.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/486,204 filed on Aug. 15, 2019, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,690,691, which is a U.S. National Stage Application filed under 35 U.S.C. § 371(a) of International Patent Application Serial No. PCT/US2018/018088, filed Feb. 14, 2018, which claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/459,318, filed Feb. 15, 2017. The entire disclosures of the foregoing applications are incorporated by reference herein.

BACKGROUND

Surgical robotic systems are currently being used in minimally invasive medical procedures. Some surgical robotic systems may include a console supporting a surgical robotic arm and a surgical instrument having an end effector (e.g., forceps or grasping tool) coupled to the robotic arm, which is actuated by the robotic arm. The robotic arm may include a plurality of links, whose movement and pivoting may pose a shearing and crushing danger to the user's fingers and hands. The presence of a sterile drape between the robotic arm and the user prevents the practical application of many conventional sensors. The present disclosure provides for a sensor system capable of recognizing when obstructions (e.g., hands, fingers, objects, etc.) contact high-risk areas of the robotic arm and reacts preemptively to avoid any injury by posting a warning to the user and immediately stopping motion of the robot, by providing audible and/or tactile feedback, or some other desired reaction.

SUMMARY

The present disclosure provides one or more sensor assemblies disposed on one or more links of a robotic arm to prevent injury to users when coming in contact with moving links of the robotic arm. The sensor assemblies include an elastomeric interface member having a curved or raised rib and a force sensing resistor (“FSR”) disposed underneath the interface member. The FSR is configured to detect force. The FSR is coupled to a control device, which is configured to interpret a given level of resistance as force, and correlate the measured force to physical contact of the robotic arm with an obstruction.

According to one embodiment, a surgical robotic arm is disclosed. The surgical robotic arm includes a first link and a second link, wherein at least one of the first link or second link is movable relative to each other. The surgical robotic arm also includes a sensor assembly coupled to at least one of the first link or the second link. The sensor assembly includes: a force sensing resistor assembly configured to measure force and an interface member disposed over the force sensing resistor assembly, the interface member configured to engage the at least one force sensing resistor assembly due to the interface member contacting an obstruction.

According to one aspect of the above embodiment, the interface member includes an outer protrusion and an inner protrusion. The outer protrusion may be offset from a center of the at least one force sensing resistor assembly, specifically, from a longitudinal centerline axis of the at least one force sensing resistor assembly.

According to another aspect of the above embodiment, the sensor assembly is curved and includes a first force sensing resistor assembly disposed at a first end of the sensor assembly and a second force sensing resistor assembly disposed at a second end of the sensor assembly. The interface member may also be curved and includes a rigid bridge configured to engage at least one of the first force sensing resistor assembly or the second force sensing resistor assembly due to the interface member contacting an obstruction.

According to another embodiment of the present disclosure, a surgical robotic system is disclosed. The surgical robotic system includes a surgical robotic arm having a first link and a second link, wherein at least one of the first link or second link is movable relative to each other. The surgical robotic arm also includes a sensor assembly coupled to at least one of the first link or the second link. The sensor assembly includes: a force sensing resistor assembly configured to measure force; and an interface member disposed over the force sensing resistor assembly, the interface member configured to engage the force sensing resistor assembly in response to contacting an obstruction. The surgical robotic system also includes a control device coupled to the surgical robotic arm and the sensor assembly. The control device configured to control movement of the surgical robotic arm based on the force measured by the force sensing resistor assembly.

According to one aspect of any of the above embodiments, the force sensing resistor includes an upper conductive layer and a lower conductive substrate, the upper conductive layer configured to contact the lower conductive substrate in response to engagement with the interface member. An amount of contact between the upper conductive layer and the lower conductive substrate is representative of the force.

According to another aspect of the above embodiment, the control device is configured to determine connectivity of the force sensing resistor to the control device, and/or to detect the presence of broken cables or broken electrical traces or the like. In an embodiment, the sensor assembly may include a known finite resistance at zero-load, and wherein the method may recognize a failure in connectivity (e.g., broken cable, loose connector, broken sensor, etc.). In an embodiment, a resistor, of known resistance, may bridge an upper conductive layer and a lower conductive layer of the sensor assembly, wherein the resistor is located opposite a connector of the sensor assembly.

According to a further aspect of the above embodiment, the control device includes a memory storing a set of instructions and a processor configured to execute the set of instructions.

The memory may store a force threshold. The control device may be configured to: compare the force measured by the force sensing resistor assembly to the force threshold; and control at least one of the first link or second link based on the comparison of the force measured by the force sensing resistor assembly to the force threshold.

According to a further embodiment of the present disclosure, a method for controlling a surgical robotic arm is disclosed. The method includes: moving at least one of a first link or a second link of a surgical robotic arm; measuring a force exerted on a sensor assembly coupled to at least one of the first link or the second link of the surgical robotic arm; determining at a control device whether the force measured by the sensor assembly exceeds a first threshold corresponding to contact with an obstruction; and controlling movement of at least one of the first link or the second link of the surgical robotic arm based on the force measured by the sensor assembly exceeding the first threshold.

According to one aspect of the above embodiment, the method further includes: outputting an alert based on the force measured by the sensor assembly exceeding the first threshold.

According to another aspect of the above embodiment, the method further includes: comparing the force measured by the sensor assembly to a second threshold, which is lower than the first threshold; and outputting an alert based on the force measured by the sensor assembly exceeding the second threshold.

According to a further aspect of the above embodiment, the method further includes: stopping the surgical robotic arm based on the force measured by the sensor assembly exceeding the first threshold.

According to one aspect of the above embodiment, the method further includes: continuously monitoring a signal from the sensor assembly; and verifying connectivity of the sensor assembly based on an interruption of the signal from the sensor assembly. In an embodiment, the sensor assembly may include a known finite resistance at zero-load, and wherein the method may recognize a failure in connectivity (e.g., broken cable, loose connector, broken sensor, etc.). In an embodiment, the method includes providing a resistor, of known resistance, that bridges an upper conductive layer and a lower conductive substrate of the sensor assembly, wherein the resistor is located opposite a connector of the sensor assembly.

According to a further aspect of the above embodiment, the method further includes: measuring the force exerted on the sensor assembly includes contacting an upper conductive layer and a lower conductive substrate of the sensor assembly to the interface member contacting the obstruction.

According to another embodiment of the present disclosure, a surgical robotic system is disclosed. The system includes a surgical robotic arm having a first link and a second link, wherein at least one of the first link or second link is movable relative to each other; and a sensor assembly coupled to at least one of the first link or the second link, the sensor assembly configured to sense physical contact. The system also includes a cart having: a base; a support mount attached to the base and configured to couple to the surgical robotic arm; a plurality of wheels coupled to the base; and at least one lighting element configured to indicate a status of the surgical robotic arm including the sensor assembly sensing physical contact.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments of the present disclosure are described herein with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a surgical robotic system including a surgical robotic arm according to the present disclosure;

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a surgical robotic arm of the surgical robotic system of FIG. 1 according to the present disclosure;

FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a housing portion of a link of the surgical robotic arm of FIG. 2 ;

FIG. 4 is a top, perspective view of a sensor assembly disposed on surgical robotic arm of FIG. 1 according to one embodiment the present disclosure;

FIG. 5 is a perspective view of the sensor assembly of FIG. 4 with parts separated;

FIG. 6 is a bottom, perspective view of the sensor assembly of FIG. 4 ;

FIG. 7 is a side, cross-sectional view of the sensor assembly of FIG. 4 taken through line “7-7” of FIG. 4 ;

FIG. 8 is a perspective view of the sensor assembly of FIG. 4 without an interface member;

FIG. 9A is a plot of resistance as a function of force using a logarithmic scale illustrating a response range of the sensor assembly of FIG. 4 ;

FIG. 9B is a further plot of resistance as a function of force using a logarithmic scale illustrating a response range of the sensor assembly of FIG. 4 ;

FIG. 10 is a perspective view of a sensor assembly, with an interface member in an open configuration, according to another embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 11 is a perspective view of the sensor assembly of FIG. 10 with the interface member in a closed configuration;

FIG. 12 is a perspective view of a sensor assembly according to a further embodiment;

FIG. 13 is a perspective view of the sensor assembly of FIG. 12 without an interface member;

FIG. 14 is a bottom, perspective view of an interface member of the sensor assembly of FIG. 12 ;

FIG. 15 is a flow chart of a method for controlling the surgical robotic arm according to the present disclosure;

FIGS. 16A-16C are schematic illustrations of alternate embodiments of force sensor assemblies, in accordance with the present disclosure;

FIG. 17A is a top, perspective view of a sensor assembly according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 17B is a bottom, perspective view of the sensor assembly of FIG. 17A;

FIG. 17C is a right-side, elevation view of the sensor assembly of FIG. 17A;

FIG. 17D is a left-side, elevation view of the sensor assembly of FIG. 17A;

FIG. 17E is a top, plan view of the sensor assembly of FIG. 17A;

FIG. 17F is a bottom, plan view of the sensor assembly of FIG. 17A;

FIG. 17G is a front, elevation view of the sensor assembly of FIG. 17A;

FIG. 17H is a rear, elevation view of the sensor assembly of FIG. 17A;

FIG. 18A is a top, perspective view of the sensor assembly of FIGS. 17A-17H, with portions thereof in phantom;

FIG. 18B is a bottom, perspective view of the sensor assembly of FIG. 18A;

FIG. 18C is a right-side, elevation view of the sensor assembly of FIG. 18A;

FIG. 18D is a left-side, elevation view of the sensor assembly of FIG. 18A;

FIG. 18E is a top, plan view of the sensor assembly of FIG. 18A;

FIG. 18F is a bottom, plan view of the sensor assembly of FIG. 18A;

FIG. 18G is a front, elevation view of the sensor assembly of FIG. 18A;

FIG. 18H is a rear, elevation view of the sensor assembly of FIG. 18A;

FIG. 19A is a top, perspective view of a sensor assembly according to an alternate embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 19B is a bottom, perspective view of the sensor assembly of FIG. 19A;

FIG. 19C is a right-side, elevation view of the sensor assembly of FIG. 19A;

FIG. 19D is a left-side, elevation view of the sensor assembly of FIG. 19A;

FIG. 19E is a top, plan view of the sensor assembly of FIG. 19A;

FIG. 19F is a bottom, plan view of the sensor assembly of FIG. 19A;

FIG. 19G is a front, elevation view of the sensor assembly of FIG. 19A;

FIG. 19H is a rear, elevation view of the sensor assembly of FIG. 19A;

FIG. 20A is a top, perspective view of the sensor assembly of FIGS. 19A-19H, with portions thereof in phantom;

FIG. 20B is a bottom, perspective view of the sensor assembly of FIG. 20A;

FIG. 20C is a right-side, elevation view of the sensor assembly of FIG. 20A;

FIG. 20D is a left-side, elevation view of the sensor assembly of FIG. 20A;

FIG. 20E is a top, plan view of the sensor assembly of FIG. 20A;

FIG. 20F is a bottom, plan view of the sensor assembly of FIG. 20A;

FIG. 20G is a front, elevation view of the sensor assembly of FIG. 20A;

FIG. 20H is a rear, elevation view of the sensor assembly of FIG. 20A;

FIG. 21 is a top, perspective view of a straight sensor assembly disposed on surgical robotic arm of FIG. 2 according to one embodiment the present disclosure;

FIG. 22 is a perspective view of the sensor assembly of FIG. 21 with parts separated;

FIG. 23 is an enlarged, perspective view of the sensor assembly of FIG. 21 with parts separated;

FIG. 24 is an enlarged, bottom, perspective view of the sensor assembly of FIG. 21 ;

FIG. 25 is a longitudinal, cross-sectional view of the sensor assembly of FIG. 21 ;

FIG. 26 is a perspective view of a force sensing resistor assembly of the sensor assembly of FIG. 21 with parts separated;

FIG. 27 is a top, perspective view of a curved sensor assembly disposed on surgical robotic arm of FIG. 2 according to one embodiment the present disclosure;

FIG. 28 is a bottom, perspective view of the curved sensor assembly of FIG. 27 according to one embodiment the present disclosure;

FIG. 29 is a perspective view of the curved sensor assembly of FIG. 27 with parts separated;

FIG. 30 is a longitudinal, cross-sectional view of the curved sensor assembly of FIG. 27 ;

FIG. 31 is a perspective view of an interface member of the curved sensor assembly of FIG. 27 ;

FIG. 32 is a perspective view of the curved sensor assembly of FIG. 27 with an outer layer removed;

FIG. 33 is a perspective view of a force sensing resistor assembly of the curved sensor assembly of FIG. 27 ;

FIG. 34 is a perspective view of a force sensing resistor assembly of the sensor assembly of FIG. 27 with parts separated; and

FIG. 35 is a perspective view of the surgical robotic arm of FIG. 2 disposed on a movable cart according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments of the presently disclosed surgical robotic system are described in detail with reference to the drawings, in which like reference numerals designate identical or corresponding elements in each of the several views. As used herein the term “distal” refers to the portion of the surgical robotic system and/or the surgical instrument coupled thereto that is closer to the patient, while the term “proximal” refers to the portion that is farther from the patient.

As will be described in detail below, the present disclosure is directed to a surgical robotic system, which includes a robotic arm having a sensor assembly configured to sense force. The sensor assembly may be disposed on curved or straight portions of the robotic arm. The sensor assembly may be disposed in high injury risk zones on the links of the robotic arm, in particular, portions of links that may pinch or otherwise injure user's appendages or other body parts that may be trapped and crushed by the moving links of the robotic arm. The sensor assembly includes a force sensing resistor (“FSR”), and an elastomeric interface member disposed over the FSR. The surgical robotic system also includes a control device coupled to the FSR. The control device is configured to interpret a given level of resistance of the FSR as force, and correlate the measured force with the amount of physical contact of the robotic arm with a user. Thus, the control device is configured to recognize whether the robotic arm has contacted any obstructions. In embodiments, the sensitivity of the sensors can be adjusted, such that only force above a certain threshold is selected to be indicative of contact with the user or other obstructions. In response to detecting contact with the user, the control device may be configured to preemptively stop any movement of the robotic arm and/or the links where the contact was sensed and output a warning.

Referring initially to FIG. 1 , a surgical robotic system 1 includes a plurality of surgical robotic arms 2, each having a surgical instrument 10 removably attached thereto; a control device 4; and an operating console 5 coupled to control device 4. Surgical robotic system 1 is configured for use on a patient “P” lying on a surgical table 3 to be treated in a minimally invasive manner using the surgical instrument 10.

Operating console 5 includes a display device 6, which displays the surgical site and manual input devices 7, 8, by which a clinician is able to remotely control robotic arms 2. Each of the robotic arms 2 may be composed of a plurality of links, which are connected through joints. Robotic arms 2 may be driven by electric drives (not shown) that are connected to control device 4. Control device 4 (e.g., a computer, a logic controller, etc.) is configured to activate the drives, based on a set of programmable instructions stored in memory, in such a way that robotic arms 2 and surgical instruments 10 execute a desired movement according to a movement in response to input from manual input devices 7, 8.

The control device 4 may include a processor (not shown) operably connected to a memory (not shown), which may include one or more of volatile, non-volatile, magnetic, optical, or electrical media, such as read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), electrically-erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), non-volatile RAM (NVRAM), or flash memory. The processor may be any suitable processor (e.g., control circuit) adapted to perform the operations, calculations, and/or set of instructions described in the present disclosure including, but not limited to, a hardware processor, a field programmable gate array (FPGA), a digital signal processor (DSP), a central processing unit (CPU), a microprocessor, and combinations thereof. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the processor may be substituted for by using any logic processor (e.g., control circuit) adapted to execute algorithms, calculations, and/or set of instructions described herein.

Control device 4 may control a plurality of motors (e.g., motor 9 . . . n), each of which is configured to actuate the surgical instrument 10 to effect operation and/or movement of surgical instrument 10. It is contemplated that control device 4 coordinates the activation of the various motors (motor 9 . . . n) to coordinate a clockwise or counter-clockwise rotation of drive members (not shown) to coordinate operation and/or movement of the surgical instrument 10. In embodiments, each motor of the plurality of motors (motor 9 . . . n) can be configured to actuate a drive rod, cable, or a lever arm (not shown) to effect operation and/or movement of each surgical instrument 10.

For a detailed discussion of the construction and operation of a surgical robotic system, reference may be made to U.S. Pat. No. 8,828,023, filed on Nov. 3, 2011, entitled “Medical Workstation,” the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference herein.

With reference to FIGS. 2 and 3 , the robotic arm 2 includes a plurality of movable links, a first link 104, a second link 106, a third link 108, and a holder 110, which are coupled to each other by actuators (not shown) allowing for movement of the robotic arm 2 into various configurations. The holder 110 is configured to receive an instrument drive unit which is configured to couple to an actuation mechanism of the surgical instrument 10. Instrument drive unit transfers actuation forces from its motors to the surgical instrument 10 to actuate components (e.g., end effectors) of the surgical instrument 10.

The first link 104 includes a curved base 105 configured to secure the robotic arm 2 to a movable base, such as movable cart or stand (not shown) or to a stationary base, such as the table 3. The second link 106 is rotatable at a joint 107 and about an axis “X-X” relative to the first link 104, such that an angle α defined by the first and second links 104 and 106 is from about 0° to about 140°. The third link 108 is rotatable at a joint 109 and about an axis “Y-Y” relative to the second link 106, such that an angle β defined by the second and third links 106 and 108 is from about 0° to about 140°. The holder 110 is rotatable relative to the third link 108 such that an angle θ defined by the holder 110 and the third link 108 is from about 25° to about 160°. Since the edges of the movable links of the robotic arm 2, namely, the first and second links 104 and 106, the second and third links 106 and 108, etc., are capable of being flush with each other, there is a possibility of trapping and crushing various obstructions, such as user's appendages, fingers, etc., between the links 104, 106, and 108 as well as the holder 110 of the robotic arm 2.

The present disclosure provides for a sensor system configured to detect physical contact between the movable links of the robotic arm 2 and to control the robotic arm 2. The robotic arm 2 may include one or more sensor assemblies 100 disposed on any link (e.g., the links 104, 106, and 108 and the holder 110) of the robotic arm 2. The sensor assemblies 100 may be disposed on any surface that present a high risk of crushing, shearing, or otherwise injuring body parts that may be caught by the robotic arm 2 during its movement. In embodiments, the sensor assemblies 100 may be disposed adjacent an inner edge (e.g., an edge that is closest to a neighboring link) of the first, second, and third links 104, 106, and 108, such as sensor assembly 30 of FIGS. 4-8 or sensor assembly 53 of FIGS. 10 and 11 . In addition, the sensor assemblies 100 may also be disposed on an outer edge of the holder 110, which may contact the first link 104 when all of the first, second, and third links 104, 106, and 108 are collapsed along with the holder 110. In further embodiments, the sensor assembly 100 may be disposed on a curved surface of the curved base 105 of the first link 104, such as curved sensor assembly 60 of FIGS. 10-11 to prevent the joint 109 crushing user's appendages resting on the curved base 105.

With reference to FIGS. 4-8 , the sensor assembly 30 includes a base housing 32, having a force sensing resistor assembly 34 (FIGS. 6 and 7 ) disposed within the base housing 32, and an interface member 36 disposed over the force sensing resistor assembly 34. As shown in FIGS. 5 and 6 , the base housing 32 includes an inner surface 32 a, an outer surface 32 b, and a pair of projections 32 c and 32 d disposed on the inner surface 32 b. The force sensing resistor assembly 34 may be secured to the inner surface 32 a of the base housing 32 using an adhesive or any other suitable methods.

With reference to FIG. 3 , a housing portion 20 of one of the first, second, or third links 104, 106, or 108 is shown. The housing portion 20 includes a slit 22 and an opening 24, which are configured to receive and engage the projections 32 c and 32 d (FIG. 5 ), respectively, which are disposed on the outer surface 32 b, thereby aligning and securing the base housing 32 to the housing portion 20 of one of the first, second, or third links 104, 106, or 108.

With reference to FIGS. 5 and 7 , the interface member 36 includes an outer surface 38 having an outer protuberance 40 and an inner surface 41 having an inner protuberance 42. In embodiments, the interface member 36 may overlay only a portion of the force sensing resistor assembly 34. The outer and inner protuberances 40 and 42 extend along a longitudinal axis “A-A” (FIG. 3 ) defined by the sensor assembly 30. In embodiments, the outer and inner protuberances 40 and 42 may extend along only a portion of the length of the interface member 36. The outer and inner protuberances 40 and 42 may have any suitable cross-section, including, but not limited to, curved, polygonal, or combinations thereof. The interface member 36 may be formed from any suitable elastomeric material, such as natural or synthetic rubber including polyurethane, polyisoprene, polybutadiene, chloroprene, polyisobutylene, as well as combinations and copolymers thereof.

The inner protuberance 42 extends from the inner surface 41 of the interface member 36 and is configured to contact the force sensing resistor assembly 34, without compressing it unless the interface member 36 is compressed. The outer and inner protuberances 40 and 42 may be offset from a center line “B-B” (FIG. 7 ) of the force sensing resistor assembly 34. In this configuration, the side of outer protuberance 40 is disposed closer to the edge of the first, second or third links 104, 106, or 108 of the robotic arm 2 as shown in FIG. 2 .

In embodiments, the force sensing resistor assembly 34 may be coupled directly to one of the first, second, or third links 104, 106, or 108, using adhesive or any suitable methods, thereby obviating the need for the base housing 32. In further embodiments, the interface member 36 may include a compartment therein to enclose the force sensing resistor assembly 34. The interface member 36 may then be secured to one of the first, second, or third links 104, 106, or 108.

The force sensing resistor assembly 34 includes an upper conductive layer 44 and a lower conductive substrate 46. The upper conductive layer 44 and the lower conductive substrate 46 may be formed from flexible polymer sheets including any suitable polymer, such as polyethylene terephthalate, polyimide, polycarbonate, etc. The inside surface of the upper conductive layer 44 may be coated with a conductive ink, such as a carbon-based ink. In embodiments, the upper conductive layer 44 may also be formed from a flexible conductive sheet, such as a deformable metal sheet.

As shown in FIG. 8 , the lower conductive substrate 46 may be a printed flexible circuit board including an interdigitated circuit 48 having a first electrode pattern 48 a and a second electrode pattern 48 b, such that a plurality of finger electrodes of each of the electrode patterns 48 a and 48 b interlock with each other. The electrode patterns 48 a and 48 b may be screen printed from silver polymer thick film ink or any other conductive material. In embodiments, the electrode patterns 48 a and 48 b may be formed out of gold plated copper or other conductive metals.

With reference to FIG. 7 , the upper conductive layer 44 and the lower conductive substrate 46 are separated by a spacer 50 disposed therebetween. The spacer 50 is disposed around the perimeter of each of the upper conductive layer 44 and the lower conductive substrate 46 and may be attached to each of them using an adhesive, thus maintaining a gap “G” therebetween. Thus, the spacer 50 separates the upper conductive layer 44 and the lower conductive substrate 46 and secures them together. In embodiments, the spacer 50 may be screen printed using a pressure sensitive adhesive or, alternatively, may be cut from a film pressure sensitive adhesive. In further embodiments, the spacer 50 may be built up (e.g., 3D printed) using any combination of materials that can both separate and adhere to the upper conductive layer 44 and the lower conductive substrate 46.

During operation, the force sensing resistor assembly 34 senses force when the upper conductive layer 44 contacts the lower conductive substrate 46. Thus, the force sensing resistor assembly 34 is in an open circuit until the force sensing resistor assembly 34 is activated by the interface member 36. When the upper conductive layer 44 contacts the lower conductive substrate 46, the upper conductive layer 44 shorts across the interdigitated fingers of the electrode patterns 48 a and 48 b of the lower conductive substrate 46, transitioning from an open circuit to a short circuit. As the interface member 36 encounters an obstruction or is otherwise actuated by an external force (e.g., due to contact by a hand or appendage of clinician), the inner protuberance 42 of the interface member 36 presses down on the upper conductive layer 44, which in turn, contacts the lower conductive substrate 46. The amount of sensed force is based on the amount of surface area of the upper conductive layer 44 contacting the lower conductive substrate 46. In particular, the applied force changes the resistance of the force sensing resistor assembly 34 based on the amount of electrical contact between the electrode patterns 48 a and 48 b. The lower conductive substrate 46 may be formed from a graphite-based, pressure sensitive material that increases in electrical conductivity (reduced electrical resistance) proportional to the amount of pressure applied. The resistance is inversely proportional to the applied force and is then used by the control device 4 to determine the force.

With reference to FIGS. 4-6 , the force sensing resistor assembly 34 also includes a pair of contacts 52 a and 52 b extending through the base housing 32. The contacts 52 a and 52 b are coupled to the electrode patterns 48 a and 48 b, respectively, and provide a voltage signal representative of resistance between the electrode patterns 48 a and 48 b to the control device 4, which then determines the amount of force exerted on the force sensing resistor assembly 34. The force sensing resistor assembly 34 has a minimum actuation threshold, namely, an initial force at which the force sensing resistor assembly 34 transitions from an open circuit to a short circuit.

FIG. 9A is a plot 200 illustrating a relationship between resistance and force using a logarithmic scale. The plot 200 illustrates the operational range of the force sensing resistor assembly 34, which may be, for illustrative purposes, from about 1,000 gram force (“gf”) to about 10,000 gf corresponding to about 100,000 kilo ohms (“kΩ”) of resistance to about 1,000 kΩ, respectively. The measurable force range depends on the thickness of the substrate and overlay, flexibility of the upper conductive layer 44 and the lower conductive substrate 46, size and shape of the interface member 36, and thickness of the spacer 50, etc. As shown in plot 200, after activation of the force sensing resistor assembly 34, 64, or 65, the resistance decreases very rapidly, at slightly higher and then intermediate forces, the resistance follows an inverse power law, and at the high forces, the response eventually saturates to a point where increases in force yield little or no decrease in resistance.

As illustrated in FIG. 9 , the resistance approaches infinity as the force approaches zero. With reference to FIG. 9B, a plot 200 a is provided illustrating a relationship between resistance and force using a logarithmic scale, wherein the resistance approaches a finite value as the force approaches zero.

With reference to FIGS. 10 and 11 , another embodiment of a sensor assembly 53, which is substantially similar to the sensor assembly 30, includes a base housing 55 having a force sensing resistor assembly 54. The sensor assembly 53 also includes an interface member 56 that is coupled to the base housing 55 via a hinge 57.

The interface member 56 includes an inner surface 56 a having an inner protuberance 58. As shown in FIG. 10 , the inner protuberance 58 extends along a longitudinal axis “C-C” defined by the sensor assembly 30. The inner protuberance 58 may have any suitable cross-section, including, but not limited to, curved, polygonal, or combinations thereof. The inner protuberance 58 may also be a series of discreet protuberances and not a continuous rib. As shown in FIG. 11 , the interface member 56 rests over the force sensing resistor assembly 54, until the interface member 56 is sufficiently engaged to press the inner protuberance 58 on the force sensing resistor assembly 54. The sensor assembly 53 operates in the same manner as the sensor assembly 30 described above. In an embodiment, interface member 56 may be rigid, with protuberance 58 being elastic, to inhibit damage to force sensing resistor assembly 54, In an embodiment, rigid interface member 56 can be made up of a series of discreet rigid shells running the length of the sensitized region rather than just one long rigid interface member 56. In an embodiment, the hinged pivoting of rigid interface member 56 may be biased with a spring to hold rigid interface member 56 to force sensing resistor assembly 54, such that any slack is removed between protuberance 58 and force sensing resistor assembly 54. In an embodiment, rigid interface member 56 may extend beyond the corner edge of the robot link 20 (e.g., cantilever) in order to “sensitize” an edge region thereof. In an embodiment rigid interface member 56 may not be hinged but held down against force sensing resistor assembly 54 via biasing elements (e.g., resilient foam) running along at least both sides of force sensing resistor assembly 54.

With reference to FIGS. 12-14 , a curved sensor assembly 60 includes a base housing 62, having first and second force sensing resistor assemblies 64 and 65 disposed within the base housing 62, and an interface member 66 disposed over the force sensing resistor assemblies 64 and 65. To avoid unnecessary repetition, only the differences between the sensor assembly 30 and the curved sensor assembly 60 are described below.

The first force sensing resistor assembly 64 is disposed at a first end portion 62 a of the base housing 62 and the second force sensing resistor assembly 65 is disposed at a second end portion 62 b of the base housing 62. The force sensing resistor assemblies 64 and 65 may be coupled to base housing 62 in the same manner as described above with respect to the base housing 32 and may include contacts (not shown) extending through the base housing 62 to electrically couple the force sensing resistor assemblies 64 and 65 to the control device 4. In addition, the base housing 62 may be coupled to curved base 105 of the first link 104 in a similar manner as the base housing 32 as described above.

The force sensing resistor assemblies 64 and 65 are substantially similar to the force sensing resistor assembly 34. In embodiments, the force sensing resistor assemblies 64 and 65 may have any suitable shape, including but not limited to rectangular or circular.

The interface member 66 has a substantially curved shape and includes a channel 70 defined on an inner surface 68 of the interface member 66. The channel 70 is configured to receive a bridge 72 therein. The bridge 72 may be formed from any rigid material, such as metals or rigid thermoplastic materials, such as those formed from polycarbonates and the like. The bridge 72 includes a protuberance 72 a and 72 b at each end thereof, which are configured to engage the first and second force sensing resistor assemblies 64 and 65, respectively, such that any force on the interface member 66 and the bridge 72 is applied to one or both of the force sensing resistor assemblies 64 and 65. The protuberances 72 a and 72 b may be separate parts that are fixed to the bridge 72 and made from an elastic material such as rubber, polymer, and the like to allow for self-alignment of the protuberances 72 a and 72 b contacting the force sensing resistor assemblies 64 and 65. The protuberances 72 a and 72 b may have any suitable shape, such as pads, fixed to the underside of the bridge 72 or o-rings fitted around the circumference of the bridge.

With reference to FIG. 15 , operation of the surgical robotic system 1 is described. The control device 4 continuously monitors signals from one or more sensor assemblies 100 and controls the robotic arm 2 in response to the signals output by one of the sensor assemblies 100.

In embodiments, the sensor assemblies 100 may continuously output a signal based on a minimum resistance of the sensor assemblies 100. The control device 4 may utilize this signal to verify electrical connectivity between the sensor assemblies 100 and the control device 4, e.g., due to cable failure or other electrical malfunctions.

The control device 4 is configured to calculate the force exerted on one or more sensor assemblies 100 (e.g., by using a transfer function or any other suitable method). The control device 4 may be programmed to perform a plurality of control functions on the robotic arm 2 based on the calculated force. In particular, the control device 4 may store one or more force thresholds, such that when the measured force exceeds the threshold, the control device 4 performs a programmed function. In embodiments, when the measured force exceeds a predetermined threshold, the control device 4 may stop any movement of the robotic arm 2 or at least one of the links 104, 106, and 108 of the robotic arm 2 that encounters the obstruction. The control device 4 may also output a warning (e.g., audio and/or visual alert) to the users. However, if the signals output by sensor assemblies 100 do not exceed any of the thresholds, the control device 4 continues to control the robotic arm 2 according to other routines and control functions.

In an embodiment, multiple round or straight force sensing resistor assemblies (e.g., force sensing resistor assemblies 34, 64 or 65) may be located under a single interface member (e.g., interface member 36 or 66) such as, for example, in a curved sensor assembly 60.

With continued reference to FIG. 15 , after one of the sensor assemblies 100 is actuated, e.g., due to contact with an obstruction, a signal corresponding to the detected force is transmitted to the control device 4. The control device 4 determines the amount of force exerted on one of the sensor assemblies 100. The control device 4 then compares the force to a first threshold, which may be associated with partial contact between an obstruction and one or more sensor assemblies 100. This may be due to a surgical drape being bunched and pulled by the robotic arm 2. If the measured force exceeds the first threshold, the control device 4 may perform a cautionary action, such as output a warning. The signals from the sensor assemblies 100 are continuously monitored by the control device 4 and the warning may be output continuously while the calculated force is above the first threshold. If the calculated force exceeds a second threshold, which may correspond to more forceful contact with the obstruction, the control device 4 may perform a second action, such as stopping movement of the robotic arm 2 or one of its movable links 104, 106, and 108. It is envisioned that the above-described thresholds and algorithm may be stored in the memory of the control device 4 and the processor of the control device 4 is configured to execute instructions or programs embodying the above-described algorithm.

With reference to FIG. 16A, an alternate embodiment of a force sensor assembly, according to the present disclosure, is illustrated and generally designated with reference numeral 30A. Force sensor assembly 30A may include a plurality of separate, discrete force sensing resistor assemblies 34A, where rigid contact elements 33A are adhered to a bottom surface of interface member 36A or imbedded/anchored into interface member 36A, with a rigid contact element 33A directly contacting a respective force sensing resistor assemblies 34A.

In another alternate embodiment, as illustrated in FIG. 16B, an alternate embodiment of a force sensor assembly, according to the present disclosure, is illustrated and generally designated with reference numeral 30B. Force sensor assembly 30B may include rigid elements 33B that may be imbedded in interface member 36B with the ends of rigid element 33B protruding out of both a bottom and a top surface of interface member 36B.

In yet another alternate embodiment, as illustrated in FIG. 16C, an alternate embodiment of a force sensor assembly, according to the present disclosure, is illustrated and generally designated with reference numeral 30C. Force sensor assembly 30C includes an interface member 36C having necking portions 36C₁ (e.g., reduction in cross sectional area) disposed at selected locations along a length of interface member 36C to promote deformation of interface member 36C between rigid contact elements 33C.

In an embodiment, and in accordance with the present disclosure, it is contemplated that a surface area of inner protuberances 42 or contact elements 33A-33C, that makes contact with respective force sensing resistor assemblies, may vary along a length of the force sensor assembly to offer a corresponding variation in sensitivity along the length of the force sensor assembly. Similarly, in an embodiment, a distance from inner protuberance 42 and spacer 50 of the force sensing resistor assembly, can vary along the length of the force sensor assembly to offer corresponding variation in sensitivity along the length of the force sensor assembly.

FIGS. 17A-17H illustrate several views of sensor assembly 30; FIGS. 18A-18H illustrate several views of sensor assembly 30, with portions thereof in phantom; FIGS. 19A-19H illustrate several views of sensor assembly 60; and FIGS. 20A-20H illustrate several views of sensor assembly 60, with portions thereof in phantom.

FIGS. 21-26 illustrate a straight sensor assembly 130 according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. The sensor assembly 130 is substantially similar to the sensor assembly 30 of FIGS. 4-8 and only the differences between the sensor assembly 30 and the sensor assembly 130 are described below. The sensor assembly 130 includes a base housing 132 and a force sensing resistor (“FSR”) assembly 134 disposed within the base housing 132. An interface member 136 is disposed over the FSR assembly 134. The sensor assembly 130 operates in a similar manner as the sensor assembly 30 in that the interface member 136, upon contacting an object, activates the FSR assembly 134, which outputs a signal indicating that contact has been made.

The base housing 132 includes a lid 133 that encloses an end portion 134 a of the FSR assembly 134 (FIG. 23 ). The base housing 132 includes a pair of openings 132 e and 132 f, which may be disposed at opposing ends of the base housing 132. The openings 132 e and 132 f are used for holding fasteners (not shown) for attaching the base housing 132 to the first, second, or third links 104, 106, or 108. In addition, the sensor assembly 130 may include an adhesive layer 139 (FIGS. 22 and 24 ) disposed on a bottom portion of the base housing 132 providing for another attachment point for the sensor assembly 130.

With reference to FIG. 26 , the FSR assembly 134 includes an upper conductive layer 144, which may be formed from graphite or any other suitable conductive material. The upper conductive layer 144 is overlayed by an adhesive backing layer 145, which secures the upper conductive layer 144 to an underside of the interface member 136. The FSR assembly 134 also includes a pair of spacers 150, which may be double-sided adhesive tape. The spacers 150 separate the upper conductive layer 144 from a lower conductive substrate 146, such that the upper conductive layer 144 and the lower conductive substrate 146 do not incidentally contact each other unless the interface member 136 is contacted by external forces.

The lower conductive substrate 146 may be a printed flexible circuit board including an interdigitated circuit 148 having a first electrode pattern 148 a and a second electrode pattern 148 b. Each of the first and second electrode patterns 148 a and 148 b terminates in respective contact members 152 a and 152 b that are electrically coupled to a printed circuit board (“PCB”) 135 as shown in FIGS. 22, 23 and 25 . The PCB 135 provides for placement of other electrical components, such as a resistor 137 a (FIGS. 23 and 25 ). In addition, the PCB 135 secures the contact members 152 a and 152 b, each of which is electrically coupled to an electrical connector 153 having a plurality of pins 155 as shown in FIGS. 24 and 25 . The connector 153 may be disposed within a surface projection 132 d disposed on a bottom surface 132 b of the base housing 132, thereby protecting the connector 153. The electrical connector 153 is configured to mate with a counterpart electrical connector (not shown) on the surgical robotic arm 2, providing for a secure electrical connection between the sensor assembly 130 and the surgical robotic arm 2.

In certain embodiments, the PCB 135 may not be fixedly secured within the base housing 132 providing the PCB 135 and the electrical connector 153 coupled thereto a certain degree of lateral movement along a surface of the base housing 132. This allows for the electrical connector 153 to align with a counterpart connector on the surgical robotic arm 2 during coupling of the sensor assembly 130 to the surgical robotic arm 2. In addition, the surgical robotic arm 2 may include a counterpart opening configured to accommodate the surface projection 132 d. Thus the surface projection 132 d provides physical protection to the connector 152 as well as orients and aligns the electrical connector 153.

The resistor 137 a is coupled in parallel between the contact members 152 a and 152 b and provides a known finite resistance to an electrical circuit defined by the first and second electrode patterns 148 a and 148 b. The known resistance of the resistor 137 a may be used to determine whether an electrical connection between the FSR assembly 134 and the surgical robotic arm 2 has been broken. In particular, the surgical robotic arm 2 is configured to output a sensor signal through the FSR assembly 134 during operation of the surgical robotic arm 2. Since the first and second electrode patterns 148 a and 148 b would not output an electrical signal unless contacted by the upper conductive layer 144, the surgical robotic arm 2 would not be able to distinguish between the FSR assembly 134 being disconnected and/or being non-functional since the FSR assembly 134 is designed as an open circuit that is closed by external contact. The presence of the resistor 137 a alleviates this issue by providing a baseline resistance to the surgical robotic arm 2. Thus, whenever the first and second electrode patterns 148 a and 148 b are contacted by the upper conductive layer 144 due to external forces, the resistance would increase accordingly beyond the resistance of the resistor 137 a signaling the surgical robotic arm 2 that external contact has been detected.

As shown in FIG. 26 , the FSR assembly 134 may also include a second resistor 137 b, which may be coupled between the first and second electrode patterns 148 a and 148 b. The second resistor 137 b may also be disposed on a PCB, or in alternative embodiments, may be disposed on a flexible circuit of the lower conductive substrate 146 as shown in FIG. 26 . Similarly, the second resistor 137 b may also be coupled in parallel between the first and second electrode patterns 148 a and 148 b.

FIGS. 27-34 illustrate a curved sensor assembly 160 according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. The sensor assembly 160 is substantially similar to the sensor assembly 60 of FIGS. 12-14 and the sensor assembly 130 of FIGS. 21-26 and only the differences between the sensor assembly 160 and the sensor assemblies 60 and 130 are described below. The curved sensor assembly 160 includes a base housing 162, however, rather than having first and second FSR assemblies 64 and 65, the curved sensor assembly 160 includes a single FSR assembly 164 that is disposed within the base housing 62. An interface member 166 is also disposed over the force sensing resistor assembly 164.

Similarly, to the base housing 132 of the sensor assembly 130, the base housing 162 includes a lid 163 that encloses an end portion 164 a of the FSR assembly 164. The base housing 162 includes a pair of openings 162 e and 162 f as well as an adhesive layer 169 disposed on a bottom portion of the base housing 162 (FIG. 29 ).

With reference to FIG. 34 , the FSR assembly 164 is substantially similar to the FSR assembly 134 of the sensor assembly 130. Thus, the FSR assembly 164 also includes an upper conductive layer 174, an adhesive backing layer 175, a pair of spacers 180, and a lower conductive substrate 176.

The lower conductive substrate 176 includes an interdigitated circuit 178 having a first electrode pattern 178 a and a second electrode pattern 178 b. The first and second electrode patterns 178 a and 178 b may define an opening 179 therebetween such that there are no finger electrodes at the opening 179. With reference to FIGS. 33 and 34 , the finger electrodes of each of the first and second electrode patterns 178 a and 178 b are disposed at each of end portions 174 a and 174 b on either side of the opening 179. The opening 179 conforms to the curvature of the base housing 162, which allows for the FSR assembly 164 to be laid over a curved surface of the base housing 162 without affecting the reading of the FSR assembly 164 due to accidental contact of the finger electrodes of first and second electrode patterns 178 a and 178 b. The finger electrodes of the end portions 174 a and 174 b function normally and are laid over flat areas of the base housing 162.

The interface member 166 is substantially similar to the interface member 66 and also includes a curved shape and is configured to receive a bridge 172 therein. Similar to the bridge 72, the bridge 172 includes a pair of protuberances 172 a and 172 b at each end of the bridge 172. The protuberances 172 a and 172 b are configured to engage end portions 174 a and 174 b of the lower conductive substrate 176, respectively, such that any force on the interface member 166 and the bridge 172 is applied to the FSR assembly 164.

The protuberances 172 a and 172 b may be formed from any elastomeric material, which allows for the protuberances 172 a and 172 b to deform in response to the force applied on the bridge 172, thereby achieving a more uniform pressure on the first electrode pattern 178 a and the second electrode pattern 178 b and compensating for uneven contact surface of the protuberances 172 a and 172 b (e.g., which may exist due to low manufacturing tolerances).

As shown in FIGS. 29 and 32-34 , each of the first and second electrode patterns 178 a and 178 b terminates in respective contact members 182 a and 182 b that are electrically coupled to a printed circuit board (“PCB”) 185, which is substantially similar to the PCB 135. The PCB 185 is also coupled to an electrical connector 183 that is disposed within a projection 162 d as shown in FIGS. 28 and 30 . The electrical connector 183 is also movable within the projection 162 d allowing for alignment with a counterpart connector on the surgical robotic arm 2 during coupling of the sensor assembly 160 to the surgical robotic arm 2.

With reference to FIG. 35 , the robotic arm 2 may be mounted to a cart 300 having a base 302 and a plurality of wheels 304. The cart 300 includes a support mount 306 for attaching the robotic arm 2. The curved base 105 of the robotic arm 2 (FIG. 2 ) may be attached to the support mount 306, which mechanically secures the robotic arm 2 to the cart 300 and provides for electrical connectivity to the robotic arm 2 from the control device 4 (FIG. 1 ). The base 302 also includes a controller 308 configured to interface with the robotic arm 2 and the control device 4.

In addition, the cart 300 also includes one or more lights 310. The lights 310 may be disposed around a perimeter of the base 302 and may be on at all times during use of the base 302 to increase its visibility. In embodiments, the lights 310 may be color-changing, dimmable light emitting diodes such that the controller 308 may adjust color and/or brightness/intensity of the lights 310. In addition to controlling lighting for visibility, the controller 308 may adjust the lighting pattern of the lights 310 to provide an indicator status of the robotic arm 2, such as green to denote normal operation, yellow to denote an issue with the robotic arm 2, etc. In addition, the lights 310 may also be operated in blinking patterns to provide additional feedback to the user.

In embodiments, the controller 308 is configured to communicate with the sensor assemblies 100 of the robotic arm 2, such that upon encountering a physical obstruction the controller 308, along with the control device 4, is notified of the event as disclosed above with respect to FIG. 15 . In response to this event, the controller 308 is configured to control the lights 310 to indicate that the robotic arm 2 has encountered an obstruction. In embodiments, the lights 310 may output a red light and/or blink. This audio visual alarm may be output concurrently with actions executed by the control device 4, such outputing warnings on the operating console 5, stopping movement of the robotic arm 2, and the like.

In accordance with the present disclosure, it is envisioned and contemplated that any of the above embodiments may be applied to a sensor fixed to a curved or uneven surface. While force sensing resistor assemblies have been disclosed herein in detail, it is contemplated that other types of sensors may be used in a sensor assembly and applied to members of a robotic arm, to achieve the same or similar purposes described above. Such other sensors include and are not limited to strain gauges, piezoelectric sensors, limit switches, and the like.

It will be understood that various modifications may be made to the embodiments disclosed herein. In embodiments, the sensors may be disposed on any suitable portion of the robotic arm. Therefore, the above description should not be construed as limiting, but merely as exemplifications of various embodiments. Those skilled in the art will envision other modifications within the scope and spirit of the claims appended thereto. 

1-26. (canceled)
 27. A surgical robotic arm comprising: an arm housing having an exterior surface; a sensor coupled to the exterior surface of the arm housing, the sensor including: a sensor housing coupled to the exterior surface of the arm housing; a force sensing resistor disposed within the sensor housing; and an interface member disposed over the force sensing resistor, the interface member configured to contact the force sensing resistor, wherein the force sensing resistor is configured to measure force in response to contact with the interface member.
 28. The surgical robotic arm according to claim 27, wherein the force sensing resistor includes an upper conductive layer and a lower conductive substrate, the upper conductive layer configured to contact the lower conductive substrate in response to engagement with the interface member.
 29. The surgical robotic arm according to claim 28, wherein the force sensing resistor further includes at least one spacer disposed between the upper conductive layer and the lower conductive substrate.
 30. The surgical robotic arm according to claim 28, wherein an amount of contact between the upper conductive layer and the lower conductive substrate is representative of the measured force.
 31. The surgical robotic arm according to claim 27, wherein the interface member includes an outer protrusion and an inner protrusion.
 32. The surgical robotic arm according to claim 31, wherein the outer protrusion is offset from a center of the force sensing resistor.
 33. The surgical robotic arm according to claim 27, wherein the sensor is curved and the force sensing resistor includes a first force sensing portion disposed at a first end portion of the sensor and a second force sensing portion disposed at a second end portion of the sensor.
 34. The surgical robotic arm according to claim 33, wherein the interface member is curved and includes a rigid bridge configured to engage at least one of the first force sensing portion or the second force sensing portion in response to contact with the interface member.
 35. The surgical robotic arm according to claim 27, wherein the sensor is curved and the force sensing resistor includes a first end portion and a second end portion and defines an opening therebetween.
 36. The surgical robotic arm according to claim 35, wherein the interface member is curved and includes a rigid bridge configured to engage at least one of the first end portion or the second portion in response to contact with the interface member.
 37. A surgical robotic system comprising: a surgical robotic arm including: an arm housing having an exterior surface; a sensor coupled to the exterior surface of the arm housing, the sensor including: a sensor housing coupled to the exterior surface of the arm housing; a force sensing resistor disposed within the sensor housing; and an interface member disposed over the force sensing resistor, the interface member configured to contact the force sensing resistor, wherein the force sensing resistor is configured to measure force in response to contact with the interface member; and a controller coupled to the surgical robotic arm and the sensor, the controller configured to control movement of the surgical robotic arm based on the force measured by the force sensing resistor.
 38. The surgical robotic system according to claim 37, wherein the force sensing resistor includes an upper conductive layer and a lower conductive substrate, the upper conductive layer configured to contact the lower conductive substrate in response to engagement with the interface member.
 39. The surgical robotic system according to claim 38, wherein the force sensing resistor further includes at least one spacer disposed between the upper conductive layer and the lower conductive substrate.
 40. The surgical robotic system according to claim 38, wherein an amount of contact between the upper conductive layer and the lower conductive substrate is representative of the measured force.
 41. The surgical robotic system according to claim 37, wherein the controller is configured to determine connectivity of the force sensing resistor to the controller.
 42. The surgical robotic system according to claim 37, wherein the controller includes: a memory storing a set of instructions; and a processor configured to execute the set of instructions.
 43. The surgical robotic system according to claim 42, wherein the memory stores a force threshold.
 44. The surgical robotic system according to claim 43, wherein the controller is configured to: compare the force measured by the force sensing resistor to the force threshold; and control the surgical robotic arm based on a comparison of the force measured by the force sensing resistor to the force threshold.
 45. The surgical robotic system according to claim 37, wherein the sensor includes at least one resistor coupled to the sensor.
 46. The surgical robotic system according to claim 45, further comprising a printed circuit board coupled to the sensor and a connector coupled to the printed circuit board.
 47. The surgical robotic system according to claim 46, wherein the connector is movably disposed within a projection on a bottom surface of the sensor, the projection configured to mate with the arm housing. 